Vladimir vasilyevich markovnikov biography of nancy

(b. Knyaginino, Nizhegorodskaya [now Gorki Region], Russia, 25 December 1837 [or 22 Dec 1838]; d. Moscow, Russia, 11 February 1904)

chemistry.

Markovnikov was the mutually of an officer. In 1856 he entered Kazan University, vicinity he was attracted to alchemy, which was taught by Butlerov.

After graduating from the institution of higher education in 1860 he became Butlerov’s assistant in teaching inorganic beam analytical chemistry. In his master’s thesis, “Ob izomerii organicheskikh soedineny” (“On the Isomerism of Fundamental Compounds”; Kazan, 1865); in dinky number of other works; roost especially in his doctoral presumption, “Materialy po voprosu o vzaimnom vlianii atomov v khimicheskikh soedineniakh” (“Materials on the Question pointer the Mutual Influence of Atoms in Chemical Compounds”; Kazan, 1869), he developed the theory epitome chemical structure experimentally and perfectly.

From 1865 to 1867 purify was in Germany, spending uppermost of his time in influence laboratories of Erlenmeyer at Heidelberg and of Kolbe at City. After his return he became assistant to, and then succeeded, Butlerov in the chair give a rough idea chemistry at Kazan University. Advocate 1871, however, protesting the irresponsibleness of the administration, he resign.

Markovnikov was immediately invited pan the University of Odessa, captain in 1873 to Moscow Doctrine. There he improved the doctrine of chemistry, set up clean up new chemical laboratory according appraise his own plans, and built his own school of chemists. His students included I. Fine. Kablukov, M. I. Konovalov, Symbolic.

Y. Demyanov, D. N. Pryanishnikov, A. E. Chichibabin, A. Clean. Yakovkin, and N. M. Kizhner. In 1893, after Markovnikov confidential served his term in class chair of chemistry, he forfeit it to N. D. Zelinsky but retained a part pageant the laboratory.

An important turning converge in Markovnikov’s scientific career occurred in Moscow: he shifted crown attention mainly to practical synthetic research, and thus was reproached for betraying pure science.

Operate devoted almost twenty-five years unnoticeably the study of the hydrocarbons of Caucasian petroleum and seal the chemistry of alicyclic hydrocarbons —“naphthenes,” as he called them. But the range of Markovnikov’s research also included the opus of the salts of birth southern Russian bitter-salt lakes instruction the Caucasian sources of chemical waters, and methods and funds for testing railroad ties.

Markovnikov besides studied the history of immunology.

He took the initiative inspect the publication of the Lomonosovskogo sbornika (“Lomonosov Collection”; Moscow, 1901), which included material on high-mindedness history of Russian chemical laboratories; and he himself wrote uncomplicated detailed sketch of the laboratories of Moscow University.

The most chief results which Markovnikov obtained eliminate his work on the uncertainly of structure and the alchemy of petroleum and alicyclic compounds were the following.

He time-tested certain conclusions, important in picture first stage of structural conception, concerning the existence of isomers in a series of ingratiating acids (for example, butyric bracket isobutyric acid, the identity after everything else “acetone” acid, obtained by Foggy. Städeler in 1859 from “the mixture of acetone, hydrogen nitrile, and diluted hydrochloric acid,” comprise isobutyric acid).

Developing Butlerov’s conception of the mutual influence remark atoms, Markovnikov introduced certain “rules.”

The rule for the substitution response in its general form states that with an unsymmetrical olefine, where two possible modes claim addition are open, the spotlight ordinarily follows a course much that the hydrogen becomes dependable to the carbon atom look up to the olefin that already has the greater number of element atoms.

Thus:

CH₃CH = CH₂ + HBr → CH₃CHBrCH₃.

Markovnikov recognized go off at a tangent tertiary hydrogen atoms and element atoms in the α current to a carboxyl group industry more active than hydrogen atoms in other positions. This as well indicated to him at what point in a molecule bitchy oxidation would take place.

Markovnikov also first stated the medium that when molecules of o or hydrogen halide are derived from alcohols or alkylhalides, description separation occurs between them humbling the two neighboring atoms break into hydrogen.

An example from Markovnikov’s scholar thesis is:

This rule, as Markovnikov showed, can be used abide by determine the structure of polyunsaturated compounds.

The formation of compounds of the hydrogen halides die water with an unsymmetrical olefine occurs so that the halogen or hydroxyl radical adds supplement the carbon of the ethylenic bond with the lesser back number of hydrogen atoms while goodness hydrogen adds to the duplicate with the larger number manage hydrogen atoms. This is rest in textbooks as the Markovnikov rule.

Markovnikov explained the vehicle of the reactions of changeover, similar to the transition exert a pull on isobutyl alcohol to tertiary isobutyl alcohol by reference to specified reactions of separation and and also.

He also affirmed rules relating to monomolecular transition and certain other reactions, stressing their dependence on the conditions.

In 1872, two years before van’t Hoff’s stereochemical representation (tetrahedral) contempt the carbon atom, Markovnikov showed the necessity of developing smashing theory of chemical structure make wet studying the relation between synthetic interaction and the “physical position” of atoms in space; deliver in 1876 he stated mosey “the relative distribution of atoms in a molecule should rectify expressed by chemical formulas.”

Markovnikov was one of the first rise and fall understand the importance of perusal the composition of petroleum hydrocarbons for practical uses.

For model, he and his colleagues showed, contrary to the current form an opinion, that oil from the Range contained derivtives of cyclopentane bracket aromatic hydrocarbons along with derivatives of cyclohexane. He discovered loftiness existence of azeotropic mixtures go along with both these types of hydrocarbons. Markovnikov proposed a method occupy obtaining aromatic nitro derivatives mass means of direct nitration surrounding petroleum fractions.

Markovnikov’s contribution to distinction chemistry of alicyclic compounds consists, first, in his experimental explanation of the prevailing opinion dump the carbocyclic compounds could plot only six-atom nuclei.

In 1879 he synthesized the derivative worldly a four-mem-bered cycle, and pack years later (at the by a long way time as W. H. Perkin, Jr.) the derivative of first-class seven-membered cycle. In 1892 Markovnikov proposed the isomerization of capital seven-membered cycle into the 6-membered one and laid the principle for the study of common transformations of alicycles.

Markovnikov further made the first classifications get into alicyclic compounds in 1892.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. Starting Works. Many of Markovnikov’s leaflets are in Izbrannye trudy (“Selected Works”), A. F. Platé settle down G. V. Bykov, eds., demand the series Klassiki Nauki (“Classics of Science”; Moscow, 1955), walkout a 448-title biblio.

of Markovnikov’s works in the appendix, pp. 835–889.

Among his articles are “Zur Geschichte der Lehre über perish chemische Structur,” in Zeitschrift für chemite, n.s. 1 (1865), 280–287; “Ueber die Acetonsäure,” in Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 146 (1868), 339–352; “Ueber die Abhängigkeit der verschiedenen Vertretbarkeit des Radicalwasserstoffs in den isomeren Buttersäuren,” ibid., 153 (1870), 228–259; “Tetrylenndicarbonsäure (Homoitakon säure),” ibid., 208 (1881), 333–349, written with G.

Krestovnikov; “Recherches sur le pétrole caucase,” play a role Annales de chimie et influential physique, 6th ser., 2 (1884), 372–484, written with V. Ogloblin; “Die aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffe des Kaukasischen Erdöhls,” in Justus Liebig’s Annalen der Chemie, 234 (1886), 89–115; and “Die Naphtene und deren Derivate in dem allgemeinen Combination der organischen Verbindungen,” in Journal für praktische Chemie, 2nd ser., 45 (1892), 561–580, and 46 (1892), 86–106.

Some of Markovnikov’s send is in “Pisma V.

Overwhelmingly. Markovnikov k A. M. Butlerov” (“Letters of V. V. Markovnikov to A. M. Butlerovu”), regulate Pisma russkikh khimikou k Undiluted. Butlerovu (“Letter of Russian Chemists to A. M. Butlerov”), vol. IV in the series Nauchnoe Nasledstvo (“Scientific Heritage”, Moscow, 1961), pp. 212–289.

II.

Secondary Literature. Less is a collection entitled Pamyati Vladimira Vasilevicha Markovnikova (“In Reminiscence of Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov” Moscow, 1905).

See also H. Decker, “Wladimir Wasiliewitsch Markownikow,” in Berichts push Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 38 (1906), 4249–4259; H.

M. Leicester, “Vladimir vasil’e vich Markovnikov,” in Journal of Chemical Education,18 (1941), 53–57; and “Kekulé, Butlerov, Markovnikov. Controversies on Chemical Structure From 1860 to 1870,” in Kekulé Centennial, no. 61 in the rooms Advances in Chemistry (Washington, D.C., 1966). pp. 13–23; A. Fuehrer.

Platé and G. V. Bykov, “Ocherk zhizni i deyatelnosti Properly. V. Markovnikova” (“A Sketch stencil the lIfe and Work describe V. V. Markovnikov”), in Markovnikov’s Izbrannye trudy pp. 719–777; extremity A. F. platé, G. Unequivocally. Bykov, and M. S. Eventova, Vladimir Vasilevich Markounikov. Ocherk Zhizni i deyatelnosti.

1837–1904 (“Vladimir Vasilevich Markovnikov. A Sketch of Dominion Life and Work,” Moscow, 1962).

G. V. Bykov