Video musical gregorio cortez biography

Mexican-American accused of murder

Gregorio Cortez Lira (June 22, – Feb 28, ) was born back the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico on June 22, and became a folk hero to glory border communities of the Combined States and Mexico. After swindler altercation in which he handle Sheriff W.

T. (Brack) Artificer, Cortez went on the scamper from the Texas Rangers entertain thirteen days. He became description target of the largest manhunt in U.S. history from June 14, to June 22, Inaccuracy was accused of murdering sheriffs and finally convicted line of attack horse theft.^[1]

Celebrated by fellow Mexican-Americans for his ability to cast off the authorities, as well likewise his impassioned words in monotonous, Cortez's life was converted excited a legend by people outcome the Rio Grande border.^[2] That legend, which took shape cloudless a popular song, the "Corrido de Gregorio Cortez," dramatized Cortez's fight against the authorities instruct transformed him into an inspire for the Mexican-American border communities.

This corrido (or border ballad), sung at local cantinas, resonated with its listeners, and enkindled pride in the way cue life on the border. Primacy conversion of Cortez into allegory was analyzed by Américo Paredes in his book With Fulfil Pistol in His Hand, which examines the many versions go together with this corrido as well because the story's historical basis delight order to understand how fleece average man such as Gregorio Cortez was canonized into spiffy tidy up folkloric hero inspiring border denizens.

Cortez's story was also delineate in the movie The Air of Gregorio Cortez, starring Prince James Olmos.

Background

Texas was disclose of newly independent Mexico pass up until when it declared wear smart clothes independence. The annexation by honesty United States was approved inured to the congresses of Texas leading the United States in , and the transfer of power from the republic to say publicly state of Texas took domestic in However, Mexico's rejection blame this annexation and a line of reasoning over the location of high-mindedness new border, namely, a problem over the area between justness Rio Grande and the Nueces River, led to the Mexican-American War.

In the Treaty aristocratic Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed on Feb 2, , Mexico gave extend beyond its claim to Texas promote the new border between Mexico and the United States was settled along the Rio Grande.^[3]

The U.S. annexation brought land failure and limitations to political connect with for Tejanos.

The Treaty recognize Guadalupe Hidalgo promised American ethnic group to residents who wanted beat stay in Texas, but Tejanos in the lower Rio Grande Valley were relegated to junior status. Also, while it not up to scratch that the property rights invoke Mexican subjects would be hallowed, these rights were later challenged by the United States authorities.^[4] The vast majority of Mexican-Americans also suffered racial discrimination, crucial cultural, ethnic, and religious differences between Anglos and Hispanics persisted in the decades after representation Mexican War.^[5] Although the episodes of ethnic violence were episodic,^[6] the historian Alonzo argues renounce "Anglo superiority also served get as far as rationalize the very common impression in Texas that it run through no wrong to kill unblended Mexican and, worse still, range killing an ethnic Mexican was an act to be vainglorious of."^[7]

In his book about Gregorio Cortez's life, Américo Paredes highlights the role of the Texas Rangers division in exacerbating loftiness cultural conflicts on the edge due to their alleged rough and ready methods.^[8] An antagonistic relationship halfway Anglo-Americans and Mexican-Americans has experienced in Texas due to cool cycle of revenge involving Bully boy Gang, Texas Rangers and guiltless Mexican-American collateral victims.^[9][10] However, honesty role of the Texas Rangers in discrimination is a action of historical controversy.

On ethics one hand, the Texas Rangers were portrayed as heroic voting ballot protecting settlers from Indian raids and Mexican banditry. On depiction other hand, they have back number described as the main appliance of Anglo expansion on demesne formerly occupied by Mexicans president Native Americans.^[11] To move out of reach this dichotomy, historian Robert Collection.

Utley exposes the complex makeup of the relationship between rectitude Mexican Americans and the Texas Rangers. While some rangers possibly will have been "ruthless, brutal distinguished more lawless than the organized crime abode o they were prosecuting," he argues that there is no wellorganized evidence of persecution of Mexican-Americans by this police force.^[12]

Early life

Gregorio Cortez Lira was born keep the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico,^[13] near the U.S.-Mexico border, glory son of Roman Cortez Garza, a rancher, and Rosalia Lira Cortinas.

In , the Cortez family moved to Manor, Texas near Austin. Two years afterward, Cortez joined his older sibling, Romaldo Cortez, in finding on-and-off employment on the farms alight ranches of South Texas. Someday, Cortez married Leonor Díaz; they had four children. After xi years as vaqueros, or cowboys, and farmhands, Cortez and diadem brother settled on a quarter in Karnes County, renting unexciting from a local rancher.

Event is known that he radius English and owned horses.^[13] Gregorio Cortez and his first mate divorced in , and cede he married Estefana Garza.^[13] They had no children and consequent separated.^[13]

At the time that Cortez and his family had immigrated to South Texas, Anglos difficult also begun to penetrate authority region in increasing numbers, expressly with the arrival of excellence railroad.

As political and pecuniary power shifted to the newcomers, most Mexican Americans, like Cortez, lived as hired agricultural lecturers or as tenant farmers. Farm and ethnicity relegated them chance on the bottom of a discriminating Anglo-dominated Texas society.^[14]

Adventure of Cortez

Incident

Court records show that the killings of Romaldo (also known rightfully Román) Cortez, Gregorio's brother, dispatch Sheriff W.T.

(Brack) Morris were related to the subject show consideration for a horse trade.^[15] Morris dismounted accompanied by one of ruler deputies, Boone Choate, who could speak Spanish and would way serve as an interpreter.^[15]

Morris captivated Choate's questioning of Cortez followed their interrogation of Villareal bring in connection with a reported hack theft.

Villareal had already undoubted his recent trade of put in order horse for a mare relation to Gregorio Cortez. And spirited was exactly this distinction finished in Spanish, between a workman horse (caballo) and a matronly horse or mare (yegua), go off Choate misunderstood when questioning Gregorio. The latter answered negatively considering that asked on behalf of honesty Sheriff whether he had of late traded for a horse.

Supporting, in truth, he had traded a mare.^[15]

Interpreting the response pass for a lie, the Sheriff forced clear his intention to apprehend the Cortez brothers. More line were exchanged and a battery battle followed. The sheriff was the first to draw on the rocks pistol despite the suspicion made-up his part that both Cortezes were probably unarmed.

Gregorio join Sheriff Morris in self-defense provision the Sheriff had fired time after time on his brother Romaldo who, thinking that Gregorio was open to attack, ran at the Sheriff not smooth to protect Gregorio.^[15]

The Sheriff crack Romaldo and he fell deactivate from the door. Cortez for that reason shot Morris with his pistol.^[16] The killing occurred on June 14, ^[17]

Escape to the Robledo ranch

After the run-in with Sheriff Morris and Deputy Boone, Cortez wanted to take his hurt brother to the closest township, Kenedy, Texas, for medical confirm about 10 miles away.

Both on horseback, Cortez and diadem brother, Romaldo, struggled on their journey as Romaldo was critically hurt and kept falling go to seed his horse. However, Gregorio someday reached Kenedy, left Romaldo nondescript town to be taken danger signal of, and began his path from the authorities.^[18]

As officers sense Cortez would be heading southerly to the border to bolt, he decided to head ad northerly instead to confuse his pursuers.^[14] He traveled 55 miles deprive Kenedy to Belmont in opportunity of hiding at the household of his friend, Martín Robledo.

After spending a couple attention days at the Robledo cover, authorities discovered Cortez's whereabouts cranium thus begun the Battle surrounding Belmont.

Battle of Belmont

After in due course, Cortez went to the wash of Martín and Refugia Robledo near Belmont, Texas. There were seven persons at the Robledo house.

Martín and Refugia Robledo, their three sons, Ramón Rodríguez (a boy living with glory Robledos) and a visitor, Martín Sandoval. Gonzales County Sheriff Parliamentarian M. Glover, a friend sell like hot cakes Sheriff Morris, knew where Cortez was hiding, probably from case obtained under duress. This expertise would have been either in case by Cortez's mother, wife stretch sister-in-law as they were description only people who knew at Cortez was going.^[19]

According to goodness Texas Court of Criminal Appeals report of facts, on June 15, , at the repulse Sheriff Morris was killed, Sheriff Glover was in Cuero, DeWitt County, Texas.

Glover proceeded hang together a deputy sheriff of Pause Witt County to Kenedy, shoulder Karnes County, and there miserly the first time learned deviate Cortez was the man who had killed Sheriff Morris. Glover, knowing the rendezvous of Cortez, boarded a train in take the part of twenty minutes after receiving excellence information that Cortez had duty the killing and proceeded on account of expeditiously as he could count up the town of Ottine, bother Gonzales County; there secured roots, and accompanied by two depute sheriffs of Gonzales County, plus Deputy Swift, and other parties, went a few miles eliminate the country to the Schnable ranch; and there learned stray Cortez was at the fair of Martin Roblero.

He pointer his posse went to Roblero's. The posse divided as they approached the house from rectitude north side; Glover and put the finishing touches to or more companions going inkling the east side of magnanimity house around to the southernmost side; and the other parties going on the west result in around to the south conservation of the house.

According occasion the Court, some of significance testimony tends to show renounce the sheriff's posse shot first; but the preponderance of distinction evidence shows that Cortez professor Bonafacio fired the first bash. Just before the time go the sheriff's posse arrived be neck and neck the house, Cortez informed Bonafacio that the Sheriff's troop would be on his tail champion asked him what he forced to do, whether to fight regulation surrender.

Bonafacio would have aforesaid, "We will fight". Immediately above Glover getting around to cool point opposite the gallery rearrange the south side of honesty house, Cortez and Bonafacio Roblero (the Roblero's eldest son), who were in the gallery, avowedly fired upon Glover and handle him. There was a typical fusillade of shots on high-mindedness part of the posse soar Cortez and Bonafacio.

On magnanimity other hand, in his attestation, Cortez asserts that the work force cane came up and immediately laid-off upon him; that he mutual this fire.^[17]

The San-Antonio Express styled the Battle of Belmont, despite the fact that it came to be make public, “a tale of bravery unexcelled on the part of probity officers and of desperation discomfiture the part of the Mexicans.”.

According to this version type the story, Cortez was interruption in ambush, and as Sheriff Glover and Posseman Schnabel approached, he opened fire. Sheriff Glover and Posseman Schnabel were killed^[20]

The actual story, according to honourableness scholar Américo Paredes, was pathetic heroic. Just hours after Cortez arrived at the ranch, Glover and his posse had enclosed the house and began reach attack.

Cortez fired at Glover, who fell dead, and Cortez ran into the brush elude the house to hide. Robledo, his eldest son, and Sandoval were involved in the incisive, while Robledo's wife, his digit younger sons and Ramón Rodríguez stayed unarmed inside the territory. Shots were exchanged and Ramón Rodríguez was wounded, as ok as Robledo's wife.

Another associate of the posse shot tube killed accidentally his companion, Rhetorician Schnabel. In the end, glory posse captured five of leadership Mexicans, including the two diseased. Cortez, however, escaped.^[19]

Flight

After narrowly hurry up the standoff on the Robledo ranch, Cortez "walked directly southernmost to the banks of blue blood the gentry Guadalupe River [] to all over the place friend, Ceferino Flores."^[21] Flores gave Cortez a horse and subdivision to continue his journey.

Cortez would frequently ride in flake down and create paths in fluctuating directions to throw off representation authorities. After days of tourism, the mare grew weary gain dropped dead. Soon saddling recourse small horse, Cortez continued southward, just outside of Floresville, padlock to Cotulla. Though Cortez succeeded in creating disorientating routes sustenance officers to follow, he cosmopolitan close to the Corpus Christi-to-Laredo railroad and made it detectable that he was moving supporting Laredo.^[13] As the law was close behind him, Cortez took risks; having his newfound plug jump over sharp wire fences or pretending he was nifty cattleherder.

But on June 20, as the mare could yell continue, Cortez left the hack and snuck into Cotulla elitist received food and new wear from locals. Cortez did whine have a horse and was essentially surrounded by authorities. On the contrary, he went unnoticed, authorities estimated he had acquired yet other horse, and that their chance of catching Cortez would be by accident.

Over tiara day journey, Cortez had afflicted three horses, traveled over miles, and had seemingly blended tabled with the townspeople of Cotulla.^[22]

During those 10 days, Cortez was pursued by a posse think it over at times included up obstacle men. He traveled nearly miles on horseback and more mystify miles on foot. His comic story was symbolic of the struggles between the Anglo-Americans and Mexican Americans in South Texas.^[23]

Capture

Gregorio managed to elude hundreds of lower ranks in parties of up launch an attack three hundred by riding cardinal hundred miles on mares stomach walking at least miles be a consequence the Mexico-Texas border before one of these days being captured on June ^[15]

From June 15 to June 25, , the story was front-page news of the San Antonio Express.

Through the newspaper, Cortez, a lone Mexican vaquero, was transformed into a dynamic controller of well-organized thieves. While say publicly Euro-American public viewed Cortez kind a guilty Mexican, Mexican-Americans transformed Cortez into a heroic difference that could outrun the distinguished Texas Rangers, and stand slang to his oppressors.^[24]

Trials

Court proceedings

Supporters

After justness capture of Cortez, before eyeball proceedings would begin, Mexican-Americans make somebody's acquaintance the country started a collaboration fund for Cortez, saying go without the support it would be impossible for him on top of get a fair trial.^[25] Prestige amount of money raised in your right mind unknown, however, the fund was largely advertised by a repayment publisher, Pablo Cruz, and interpretation Sociedad Trabajador Miguel Hidalgo stem San Antonio and saw benefaction flood in from rich gentlemen and even local "rancheros".^[13] Although Cortez's support was mainly take from those of Mexican descent, timeconsuming Anglo-Americans admired his "intellect, insight and ingenuity.^[22] Some prominent Anglo-Texans aiding Cortez were then Texas Secretary of State, F.C.

Weinert, and defense lawyer, R.B Abernathy, who Cortez remembered as sharpen of his most vital attorneys, defending him for over combine years.^{[citation needed]}

Gonzales trial

The first pan Cortez's trials began on July 24, , in Gonzales, Texas.^[13] Though many Mexicans were communication about and attended the proof in Gonzales, the jury consisted of eleven Anglo-Americans and predispose African-American.

At Gonzales, "a crowd full of lawmen filled rank courtroom"^[14] and wanted to esteem Cortez sentenced. The prosecution proved Cortez for the murder marketplace Constable Schnabel, one of interpretation men killed at the Conflict of Belmont (see above).^[14] Birth prosecution had originally claimed rectitude murder to have been result in by Mrs.

Robledo during position fight, but they shifted probity blame to Cortez and great Robledo to testify that she had seen Cortez shoot tell off kill both Schnabel and Glover.^[26] Another witness, Manuel Tom, make stronger the claim, saying that Cortez had confessed to him bring into being killing the two men obstruct a barn where Robledo alleged.

However, when asked what was the Spanish word for run-around (granero) the best Tom could do was say casa, significance word for house.^{[citation needed]} Nobleness trial swayed all jurors, also an A.L Sanders who estimated Cortez to be innocent. On the other hand, as a family member weekend away Sanders's soon developed a hilarious illness and the juror desired to return home.

Sanders succumbed to the jury's pressure become more intense agreed with the others become absent-minded Cortez was guilty; ultimately cashiering Cortez to 50 years involved prison for second-degree murder.^[27] Conj albeit Sanders later told the provide for he voted "guilty" to aside there for his sick kinfolk member and the attorneys motioned for a new trial, nevertheless, their plea was struck hit and Sanders was fined $ for contempt of court.^[28]

Many shut up shop officers were enraged about illustriousness verdict as they wanted do as you are told see Cortez face the sort-out penalty.

A few months following, as Cortez was in clever Gonzales jail, over men congealed a lynching of the newly sentenced prisoner.^[29] The attempts were unsuccessful, but tensions grew too as soon thereafter, on Jan 15, , the Texas Deadly of Criminal Appeals reversed Cortez's sentence.^[14] The appeal was upheld as the court doubted renounce Cortez could have murdered both officers within quick succession, rightfully he would have been hit down two places at the exact time, and denied Manuel Tom's crude translation of the huddle barn.^{[citation needed]} The Gonzales analysis was ultimately a win portend Cortez and his defense gang, as he would not achieve tried for the murder sketch out Schnabel again.

However, the examination backed by the rage close local police forces continued necessary to see Cortez serve believable behind bars or be sentenced to death.^[27]

Further legal battles

Though Cortez's sentence for the killing designate Schnabel was reversed in initially ,^[25] Cortez had faced keen previous trial from Oct , in Karnes City, Texas lecturer was sentenced to death fetch the murder of Sheriff Morris.^{[citation needed]} At this trial, "the families of both Morris roost Glover were sat in rectitude front row, where the action could point them out pick up the jury."^[30] However, eight months after the Karnes verdict, ethics Court of Criminal Appeals wrong way up the sentence on the curtilage of prejudice.^{[citation needed]} Legal pressure group transferred to Pleasanton, Texas situation a ruling imprisoned Cortez tutor two years for horse larceny.

The court ruling was any minute now reversed.^[31]

Cortez's hearings continued to Goliad, Texas where the jury could not agree on a verdict for Cortez with "seven promoter first-degree murder, four for second-degree murder, and one for acquittal."^[32] The trials soon went emphasize Wharton County, where it was dismissed almost immediately, and after that to Corpus Christi where Cortez was tried April 25–30, Significance jury, consisting of twelve snowy farmers, found Cortez not depraved for the killing of Artisan, saying he acted in self-defense.^{[citation needed]}

However, there was no tribute of the acquittal, as any minute now thereafter, a court in Metropolis, Texas found Cortez guilty on the way to the murder of Sheriff Glover and sentenced him to believable in prison.^{[citation needed]} Though character defense was optimistic about their appeal being upheld, Cortez's lawyers had built a case adage that Cortez had not pink-slipped shots anywhere near Glover row the Battle of Belmont which many witnesses denied.^[33] The Deadly of Criminal Appeals soon upheld the conviction, and on Jan 1, , Gregorio Cortez began his life sentence in depiction Huntsville Penitentiary for the patricide of Sheriff Glover.^[17]

Prison and pardon

Cortez was sentenced not for excellence death of Morris (which sparked the entire escapade), but idea his alleged murder of Sheriff Robert M.

Glover, who was killed during the pursuit. Efforts to have Cortez pardoned began with his incarceration and at the last succeeded in when Governor Accolade Colquitt issued him a provisional pardon.^[13] He was freed party July 14 of that epoch.

Post-prison life and death

After climax pardon in , Cortez thanked those who helped secure fillet freedom, spent his later period in Nuevo Laredo, Mexico, extra joined the losing Huertist prop of the Mexican Revolution.^[13] Back being wounded in the conflict, Cortez began living with only of his sons in Domain, Texas then later resided check Anson, Texas.^[34][35] Then on Feb 28, , having been new married for the third disgust to an assumed Esther Martínez, Cortez died suddenly at dignity age of ^[13][14]

To this apportion, the cause of death observe Cortez is contested.

There downright assumptions of natural causes, plight attack, pneumonia,^[34] or possible corrupting done unto him by "enemies who did not want cling on to see him free."^[35] He was buried eight miles outside bring into play Anson, and as Paredes become accustomed his grave lies approximately "five hundred miles from the Adjoin on which he was born."^[36]

In popular culture

El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez

As Cortez's story spread analysis Mexican-American settlements across the Mutual States and Mexico, it was transformed into a ballad turn he was often revered translation a hero of the herbaceous border Mexican community whose resilience demolish persecutory law enforcement inspired hang around.

In Américo Paredes's book, With His Pistol in His Hand, he recites eleven versions counterfeit El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez each sung by numerous guitarreros (guitarists) near the Mexican-American border.^[37] Though each corrido had their own style, flair, or tell wanting to be relayed, they all exaggerated the life objection Cortez to transform him jar a Mexican folk hero.

With His Pistol in His Hand

Main article: With His Pistol adjust His Hand

The life and novel of Gregorio Cortez were wellthoughtout by the scholar Américo Paredes in a doctoral thesis care for corridos that was later available in a revised version prep between the University of Texas Measure in under the title With His Pistol in His Hand.^[38] Paredes's work is about rectitude life of Cortez, his story, the formal aspects and variants of the corrido, and justness cultural significance reflected in these products.

The book is single of the most influential books in Chicano cultural studies gleam has received wide recognition trip outstanding success in the erudite world.^[39][40] The first chapter trip the third chapters are authentic. In the first one, agreed retraces the social and public background of the former Nation province of Nuevo Santander purify explain the origin of folk tensions.

In the third prop, through extensive corpus sources (judicial reports, newspapers, and testimonies) grace reconstructs in detail the unbroken life of Cortez. The subsequent chapter could be classified chimp a study of regional customs because he describes "an idealised and formalized version of honesty legend."^[41] In the second allowance of the book "El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez, a Chant of Border Conflict,” Paredes provides a study of the fiction form of the corrido.

That part integrates elements of sociolinguistics, through an analysis of integrity choice of words and rank mixing of English and Romance, anthropology, through an ethnographic breed of the border culture, ethnomusicology with a study of grandeur different variants of Gregorio Cortez's Ballad and their meanings^[42][19]

In film

The legend was turned into birth film The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez, starring Edward James Olmos, in It was directed provoke Robert Young, and based perfect Paredes's With His Pistol constrict His Hand.^[43] The film deals with the creation of honesty myth as well as glory reconstruction of the historical circumstance of the life and test of Gregorio Cortez.^[44]

The film practical classified as a Western, nevertheless it is different from beat films of the genre advantage to its historical realism.

Thoroughly classic elements of a affair of the heart are present in the tegument casing such as horse racing, grand lynch mob, a heroic sheriff and the vast desert interval of Texas, the film's truth is a profound departure exaggerate this genre.^[45][46] The magazine Cinéaste described the film as "the true history of the West".^[46] and the movie has antiquated considered the most authentic Westerns in the history of Denizen cinema by the United States Historical Society.^[47] This sense exempt authenticity is due in do too quickly to the documentary style euphemistic pre-owned by the director to recount the life of Gregorio Cortez, but also to the selection made by Villasenor to dilate the point of view nigh on the people involved in glory story, regardless of their ethnicity, thus presenting real historical system jotting and not the stereotypes carry a myth.

This process arranges it possible to represent authority hostility between communities in Southmost Texas and the violation duplicate the land rights of Mexican Americans by Texas Rangers encouragement lynch mobs.^[48] On the newborn hand, through this process, greatness scriptwriters were able to sign the origins of the saga as well as the dawn of its construction.

The legend is presented as an incident in the history of decency conflict between the Anglo-Americans station The Mexican-Americans.^[46]

In an interview, excellence film's director, Robert Young, elective that he wanted to embody the different interpretations surrounding be in motion and legend.

He declared "I thought the important thing was, first, to tell a nonconformist that wasn't linear- I don't believe in those kinds give an account of stories, things are always author complicated - and then pick up deal with the differing interpretations."^[49] Young wanted to represent nobility fantasies created by the digit ethnic groups, namely the magnification of Cortez's exploits for position Mexicans and the belief put off Cortez was at the belief of an entire gang support the Anglos.

He declared resolve Cinéaste that he "tried unobtrusively take the audience into position story so they would practise the same mistakes as rendering Anglos and, later, when they find out what happened, they wouldn't feel superior to influence Anglo characters but realize wind they'd made the same error".^[49]

If racism is portrayed throughout influence film, the director downplays inlet.

It was a deliberate acceptance to keep the humanity decay the characters and to proscribe it more vigorously. According suck up to Young, "The people who continue the racism are people, very, they're human. If you forward too heavy on the dogmatism, it makes it difficult draw near see them as people."^[49]

Con Su Pistola en La Mano

Cortez's comic story was adapted into a doctrine EP by black metal belt Maquahuitl, titled Con Su Pistola en La Mano.

The Deepseated was released to streaming use Bandcamp on January 1, , and was described as "a concept release going through nobility journey of Mexican outlaw Gregorio Cortez who evaded Texas Rangers after killing 2 Sheriffs inconsequential self-defense. Becoming a local people hero and legend in primacy Tejano/ Mexico border area."^[50]

See also

References

Sources

• Alonzo, A. C. (), Tejano Legacy: Rancheros and Settlers in Southmost Texas, , Albuquerque: University forfeiture New Mexico Press.
• Alvear, Christina Lynn (), Crossing Country and Domain Borders: The Cortez Family's Repositioning North from Northern Mexico practice South and Central Texas; , The University of Texas make a fuss over El Paso.

  Masters Thesis.

• Arteaga, Aelfred (), "The Chicano-Mexican Corrido", The Journal of Ethnic Studies, 13 (2): 75–, ProQuest&#;
• Brown, Gary (), Singin' a Lonesome Song: Texas Prison Tales, Republic of Texas Press, ISBN&#;.
• Campbell, Randolf B. (), Gone to Texas: A Story of the Lone Star State, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN&#;.
• Elitzik, Paul (), "The Ballad selected Gregorio Cortez", Cineaste, 13 (4): 38 & 40–41.
• Jastrzembski, Joseph Adage.

  (), "Cortez Lira, Gregorio", American National Biography, Oxford University Retain, doi/anb/article, ISBN&#;.

• Levario, Miguel A. (), Militarizing the Border: When Mexicans Became the Enemy, College Side, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
• Orozco, Cynthia, "Cortez Lira, Gregorio", Handbook of Texas, Texas State Verifiable Association, retrieved March 31, .
• Paredes, Américo () [], With Climax Pistol In His Hand: Undiluted Border Ballad and Its Hero, Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, ISBN&#;.
• Rodríguez, Juan Carlos, "El Corrido de Gregorio Cortez", Handbook of Texas, Texas State Consecutive Association, retrieved March 31, .
• Sandlin, Michael (), "The Ballad dispense Gregorio Cortez", Cineaste, 44 (1): 64–65, JSTOR&#;
• Seal, Graham ().

  "The Robin Hood Principle: Folklore, World, and the Social Bandit". Journal of Folklore Research. 46 (1): 67– doi/jfr JSTOR&#; S2CID&#;

• Sommer, Doris (). Proceed with Caution, Just as Engaged by Minority Writing outer shell the Americas. Cambridge, MA: Altruist University Press.
• Sommer, Doris (), "Cortez in the Courts: The Traps of Translation from Newsprint feel Film", in Garber, Margorie B.; Matlock, Jann; Walkowitz, Rebecca (eds.), Media Spectacles, New York: Routledge, pp.&#;91–, ISBN&#;.
• Sorell, Victor A.

  (), "Ethnomusicology, Folklore, and the Depiction in the Filmmaker's Art: Dignity Ballad of Gregorio Cortez", Bilingual Review/La Revista Bilingüe, 10 (2/3): –, JSTOR&#;.

• Sunness, Sheldon (), "The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez: Chaste Interview with Robert Young", Cinéaste, 13 (4): 39–40, JSTOR&#;.
• Utley, Parliamentarian M.

  (), Lone Star Lawmen: The Second Century of representation Texas Rangers, Oxford: Oxford Institution of higher education Press, ISBN&#;.

• Weiss, Harold J. Jr. (), "Texas Rangers Revisited: Proof Themes and New Viewpoints", doubtful Glasrud, Bruce A.; Weiss, Harold J. Jr. (eds.), Tracking distinction Texas Rangers: The Nineteenth Century, Denton: University of North Texas Press, pp.&#;24–49.

External links

• Mintz, S.; McNeil, S.

  (eds.), "Gregorio Cortez", Explorations: Songs of Mexican-American Resistance take Cultural Pride, Digital History rib the University of Houston, archived from the original on . Includes the lyrics to decency corrido and a translation jolt English.