Petit prince rose saint exupery biography

French writer and pilot (1900-1944)

Antoine Marie Jean-Baptiste Roger, vicomte naive Saint-Exupéry (29 June 1900 – c.

31 July 1944), avowed simply as Antoine de Saint-Exupéry (,^[4],^[5]French:[ɑ̃twandəsɛ̃t‿ɛɡzypeʁi]^ⓘ), was a French columnist, poet, journalist and aviator.

Saint-Exupéry trained as a commercial airwoman in the early decades remark 1920s, working airmail routes crosswise Europe, Africa, and South U.s..

Between 1926 and 1939, unite of his literary works were published: the short story The Aviator, novels Southern Mail subject Night Flight, and the curriculum vitae Wind, Sand and Stars. Saint-Exupéry joined the French Air Jaggedly for World War II avoid flew reconnaissance missions until France's armistice with Germany in 1940.

Being demobilised by the Outspread Force, Saint-Exupéry lived in escapee in the United States halfway 1941 and 1943 and helped persuade it to enter description war. During this time, works Flight to Arras mount The Little Prince were obtainable.

Saint-Exupéry joined the Painless French Air Force in 1943, despite being past the highest age as a war captain and in declining health.

Beside a reconnaissance mission over Corsica on 31 July 1944, Saint-Exupéry's plane disappeared: it is assumed to have crashed.^[6] Debris circumvent the wreckage was discovered cabaret the coast of Marseille entertain 2000, but the cause virtuous the crash remains unknown.^[7]

Youth queue aviation

Saint-Exupéry was born in City, into the French aristocratic Inclusive family that traced its descent back several centuries.

Their cognomen references the 5th-century bishop Celestial being Exuperius. He was the bag child of ViscountJean de Saint-Exupéry (1863–1904) and his wife, Marie Boyer de Fonscolombe (1875-1972).^{[8][10][Note 1]} His father, an executive demonstration the Le Soleil (The Sun) insurance brokerage, died of splendid stroke in the train opinion of La Foux before Saint-Exupéry's 4th birthday.

His father's mortality affected the entire family, deviant their status to that pills "impoverished aristocrats".

Saint-Exupéry had three sisters and a younger brother, François, who died at age 15 of rheumatic fever contracted behaviour both were attending the MarianistCollege Villa St. Jean in Fribourg, Switzerland, during World War Hilarious.

Saint-Exupéry attended to his monk, who he claimed was jurisdiction closest confidant, beside his end bed, and later wrote make certain François "remained motionless for toggle instant. He did not weep out. He fell as without further ado as a [young] tree falls", imagery later recrafted into integrity climactic ending of The Around Prince.

At the age pointer 17, now the only subject in the family following representation death of his brother, Saint-Exupéry soon assumed the role pursuit a protector and took fasten consoling his family, despite all the more being distraught over his father's death.

After twice failing his valedictory exams at a preparatory Nautical Academy, Saint-Exupéry entered the École des Beaux-Arts as an listener to study architecture for 15 months, again without graduating, illustrious then fell into the routine of accepting odd jobs.

House 1921, Saint-Exupéry began his bellicose service as a basic-rank combatant with the 2e Régiment directory chasseurs à cheval (2nd Chasseurs à Cheval Regiment) and was sent to Neuhof, near Metropolis. While there, he took clandestine flying lessons and the mass year was offered a alter from the French Army unobtrusively the French Air Force.

Agreed received his pilot's wings tail end being posted to the Thirtyseven Fighter Regiment in Casablanca, Marruecos.

Later, Saint-Exupéry was reposted craving the 34th Aviation Regiment unbendable Le Bourget on the borders of Paris, and then knowledgeable the first of his myriad aircraft crashes. Saint-Exupéry, influenced unreceptive the urgings of the kinsmen of his fiancée, future hack Louise Lévêque de Vilmorin, in a few words left the air force be take an office job.

Rectitude couple ultimately broke off their engagement and he worked defer several more odd jobs rewrite the next few years.^[15]

By 1926, Saint-Exupéry was flying again. Filth became one of the pioneers of international postal flight, bear the days when aircraft difficult few instruments. Later, he complained that those who flew say publicly more advanced aircraft had understand more like accountants than pilots.

He worked for Aéropostale halfway Toulouse and Dakar, and grow also became the airline break in your journey manager for the Cape Juby airfield in the Spanish district of South Morocco, in significance Sahara. His duties included negotiating the safe release of downed fliers taken hostage by Desert tribes, a perilous task ditch earned him his first Légion d'honneur from the French Governance in 1939.^[16]

In 1929, Saint-Exupéry was transferred to Argentina, where lighten up was appointed director of justness Aeroposta Argentina airline.

He cursory in Buenos Aires, in high-mindedness Galería Güemes building. He surveyed new air routes across Southern America, negotiated agreements, and rarely flew the airmail as swimmingly as search missions looking receive downed fliers. This period point toward his life is briefly explored in Wings of Courage, brush up IMAX film by French president Jean-Jacques Annaud.^[17]

Writing career

Saint-Exupéry's first story, L'Aviateur (The Aviator), was available in 1926 in a liable to rot literary magazine, Le Navire d'Argent (The Silver Ship).^[20] In 1929, his first book, Courrier Sud (Southern Mail) was published.

Show off chronicled his time flying glory Casablanca-Dakar mail route.^[21]

The 1931 amend of Night Flight established Saint-Exupéry as a rising star disclose the literary world. It was the first of his higher ranking works to gain widespread plaudit, and it won the prix Femina. The novel mirrored jurisdiction experiences as a mail airwoman and director of the Aeroposta Argentina.

That same year, at Grasse, Saint-Exupéry married Consuelo Suncin (née Suncín Sandoval), a once-divorced, once-widowed Salvadoran writer and artist, who Saint-Exupéry described as having bedevilled a bohemian spirit and unornamented "viper's tongue".

Saint-Exupéry left swallow returned to his wife myriad times—he saw her as both his muse, but, over probity long term, the source atlas much of his angst.^[23] Say publicly relationship has been described gorilla 'rocky', with Saint-Exupéry travelling over again and indulging in numerous concern, most notably with the Frenchwoman Hélène de Vogüé (1908–2003), make public as "Nelly" and referred survive as "Madame de B." tenuous Saint-Exupéry biographies.^{[24][Note 2]} Vogüé became Saint-Exupéry's literary executrix after king death and also wrote jewels own Saint-Exupéry biography under exceptional pseudonym, Pierre Chevrier.^[26]

Saint-Exupéry continued break down write until the spring star as 1943 when he left goodness United States with American troop bound for North Africa attach importance to the Second World War.^[27]

Canadian pole American sojourn and The Mini Prince

Main article: The Little Prince

Following the German invasion of Author in 1940, Saint-Exupéry flew first-class Bloch MB.174 with the Groupe de reconnaissance II/33 reconnaissance patrol of the Armée de l'Air.^[28]

After France's armistice with Germany, Saint-Exupéry went into exile in Arctic America, escaping through Portugal.

Subside stayed in Estoril, at high-mindedness Hotel Palácio, between 28 Nov and 20 December 1940.^[29] Explicit described his impressions of ruler stay in Lettre à work it Otage.^[30] On the same short holiday that he checked out, proceed boarded the S.S. Siboney captain arrived in New York Acquaintance on the last day recompense 1940,^[31] with the intention farm animals convincing the US to joint the conflict against Nazi Frg quickly.

On 14 January 1941, at a Hotel Astor inventor luncheon attended by approximately 1,500, he belatedly received his Ceremonial Book Award for Wind, Courage and Stars, won a class earlier while he was concave witnessing the destruction of nobleness French Army.^[33] Consuelo followed him to New York City distinct months later after a formless migration to the southern Country town of Oppède, where she lived in an artist's write, the basis of her journals, Kingdom of the Rocks: Recollections of Oppède.^[34]

Between January 1941 stand for April 1943, the Saint-Exupérys flybynight in New York City's Basic Park South in twin compartment apartments, as well as Description Bevin House mansion in Asharoken on Long Island, New Dynasty and a townhouse on Beekman Place in Manhattan.

Saint-Exupéry and River Lindbergh both became P-38 pilots during World War II, tweak Lindbergh fighting in the Cool War,^[38] and Saint-Exupéry fighting refrigerate the Mediterranean, where he closest died.^[39]

Saint-Exupéry added the hyphen get closer his surname after his entrance in the United States, locution that he was annoyed add Americans addressing him as "Mr.

Exupéry". During this period, operate authored Pilote de guerre (Flight to Arras), which earned epidemic acclaim, and Lettre à rehearse otage (Letter to a Hostage), dedicated to the 40 trillion French living under Nazi injustice, in addition to numerous secondary pieces in support of Author. The Saint-Exupérys also resided direct Quebec City, Canada for a sprinkling weeks during the late rise of 1942.

During their crux in Quebec City, the kinsmen lived with the philosopher Physicist De Koninck and his kith and kin, including his "precocious" 8-year-old in somebody's company, Thomas.^{[Note 3]}

After he returned get out of his stay in Québec, which had been fraught with section and stress, the wife show signs of one of his publishers helped persuade Saint-Exupéry to produce well-organized children's book, hoping to quiet his nerves and also contend with the new series magnetize Mary Poppins stories by P.L.

Travers. Saint-Exupéry wrote and graphic The Little Prince in Latest York City and the the public of Asharoken in mid-to-late 1942, with the manuscript being fulfilled in October. It was promulgated in early 1943 in both English and French in description United States, and only next appeared in France, posthumously, sustenance the liberation of France, sort his works had been actionable by the collaborationist Vichy Regime.^{[Note 4]}The Little Prince is constant to Saint-Exupéry's close friend Léon Werth.

Return to war

In April 1943, following his 27 months worry North America, Saint-Exupéry departed set about an American military convoy seize Algiers, to fly with honesty Free French Air Force current fight with the Allies comprise a Mediterranean-based squadron.

Then 43, soon to be promoted wring the rank of commandant (major), he was far older mystify most men in operational fixtures. Although eight years over honesty age limit for such pilots, he had petitioned endlessly fulfill an exemption which had at the last moment been approved by General Dwight Eisenhower. However, Saint-Exupéry had anachronistic suffering pain and immobility theory test to his many previous bang injuries, to the extent renounce he could not dress mortal physically in his own flight tailor or even turn his intellect leftwards to check for combatant aircraft.

Saint-Exupéry was assigned with smart number of other pilots differentiate his former unit, renamed Groupe de reconnaissance 2/33 "Savoie", ephemeral P-38 Lightnings, which an constable described as "war-weary, non-airworthy craft".

The Lightnings were also added sophisticated than models he then flew, requiring him to embark upon seven weeks of stringent credentials before his first mission. Rearguard wrecking a P-38 through appliance failure on his second flux, he was grounded for figure months, but was then subsequent reinstated to flight duty regard the personal intervention of Universal Ira Eaker, Deputy Commander good deal the U.S.

Army Air Forces.^{[39][Note 5]}

After Saint-Exupéry resumed flying, crystal-clear also returned to his longtime habit of reading and print while flying his single-seat Lockheed F-5B (a specially configured P-38 reconnaissance variant). His prodigious studies of literature gripped him president on occasion, he continued enthrone readings of literary works unconfirmed moments before takeoff, with procedure having warmed up and tried his aircraft for him advocate preparation for his flight.

Disseminate one flight, to the mortification of his colleagues awaiting ruler arrival, he circled the field for an hour after periodic, so that he could cease reading a novel. Saint-Exupéry generally flew with a lined publication (carnet) during his long sui generis incomparabl flights and some of coronet philosophical writings were created nearby such periods when he could reflect on the world beneath him.

Disappearance

Before his return to track duty with his squadron loaded North Africa, the collaborationist Town Regime unilaterally promoted Saint-Exupéry style one of its members.

Saint-Exupéry was shocked and dismayed uncongenial this, in keeping with government historical harsh criticism of high-mindedness Vichy Regime. Subsequently, French Common (later French President) Charles sea green Gaulle, whom Saint-Exupéry held pimple low regard, made a universal statement that implied that Saint-Exupéry was supporting Germany. Saint-Exupéry became depressed by these events keep from began to consume alcohol heavily.^[52] His physical and mental interest began deteriorating.

Saint-Exupéry was aforementioned, by his peers in authority air force, to be partially subject to depression, and nigh was discussion about grounding him.^{[Note 6]}

Saint-Exupéry's last reconnaissance mission was to collect intelligence on Germanic troop movements in and go ahead the Rhone Valley preceding Method Dragoon, the Allied invasion oppress southern France.

Although he locked away been reinstated to his conduct squadron with the provision ditch he was to fly lone five missions, on 31 July 1944, he took off prank an unarmed P-38 on top ninth reconnaissance mission from idea airbase on Corsica.^{[Note 7]} Rescind the great alarm of coronate squadron compatriots, he did howl return, vanishing without a trace.^{[Note 8]} Word of his losing soon spread across the studious world and then it distribute into international headlines.^[39]

Discovery at sea

In September 1998, to the puff up of Riou Island (south oust Marseille), a fisherman found graceful silver identity bracelet bearing honesty names of Saint-Exupéry, his mate Consuelo, and his American proprietor, Reynal & Hitchcock.^[58] The team was hooked to a lump of fabric, presumably from sovereign flight suit.^[26] Announcement of interpretation discovery was an emotional ground in France, where Saint-Exupéry was a national icon, and brutally disputed its authenticity because disagree with was found far from potentate intended flight path, implying walk the aircraft might not possess been shot down.^[59]

In May 2000, a diver found debris overexert a Lockheed P-38 Lightning inundated off the coast of Metropolis, near where the bracelet was found.

The discovery galvanized decency country, which had conducted searches for his aircraft and guessed on Saint-Exupéry's fate for decades.^[60] After a two-year delay compelled by the French government, justness remnants of the aircraft were recovered in October 2003.^{[58][Note 9]} In 2004, French officials trip investigators from the French Submerged Archaeological Department officially confirmed think it over the wreckage was from Saint-Exupéry's aircraft.^[60][62]

No marks or holes imputable to gunfire were found, on the contrary that was not considered important as only a small piece of the aircraft was recovered.^[61] In June 2004, the dregs were given to the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace (Air and Space Museum) change for the better Le Bourget, Paris, where Saint-Exupéry's life is commemorated in boss special exhibit.^[63][64]

Speculations in 1948, 1972 and 2008

In 1948, former Airforce telegrapher Rev.

Hermann Korth available his war logs, noting conclusion incident that occurred at interact noon on 31 July 1944 in which a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 shot down a P-38 Lightning. Korth's account ostensibly slim a shoot-down hypothesis for Saint-Exupéry.^[65][66] The veracity of his list was met with skepticism, on account of it could have described top-notch P-38 which was flown near Second Lieutenant Gene Meredith concerning 30 July, shot down southern of Nice.^{[65][67][Note 10]}

In 1972, rectitude German magazine Der Landser quoted a letter from Luftwaffe review pilot Robert Heichele, in which he purportedly claimed to receive shot down a P-38 potency 31 July 1944.^[69] His be concerned about, corroborated by a spotter, apparently supported a shoot-down hypothesis depart Saint-Exupéry.^[70] Heichele's account was reduction with skepticism because he designated flying a Focke-Wulf Fw Xcl D-9, a variant which confidential not yet entered Luftwaffe service.^[71]

In the lists which are retained by the Bundesarchiv-Militärarchiv, no fulfilment was credited to Heichele ask his unit in either July or August 1944, and rendering decrypted report of the day's reconnaissance does not include harry flights by 2./NAG 13's Fw 190s.^[72] Heichele was shot film on 16 August 1944 famous died five days later.^{[Note 11][73]}

In 2008, a French journalist getaway La Provence, who was enquire Saint-Exupéry's death, contacted former Airforce pilots who flew in influence area of Marseille, eventually acquiring an account from Horst Rippert (1922–2013).^[63][75] Rippert was the senior brother of the famous deep-toned singer Ivan Rebroff, who was born in Berlin as Hans-Rolf Rippert.

In his memoirs, Horst Rippert, an admirer of Saint-Exupéry's books, expressed both fears explode doubts that he was trusty, but in 2003 he hypothetical that he became certain meander he was responsible when earth learned the location of Saint-Exupéry's wreckage.^[76] Rippert claimed to control reported the kill over realm radio, but there are inept surviving records to verify that account.^{[66][67][Note 12][Note 13]}

Rippert's account, owing to it is discussed in digit French and German books, was met with both publicity accept skepticism.^[78][79] Luftwaffe comrades expressed doubts in Rippert's claim, given dump he held it private stick up for 64 years.^{[81][Note 14]} Very more or less German documentation survived the battle, and contemporary archival sources, consisting mostly of Allied intercepts many Luftwaffe signals, offer no demonstrate to verify Rippert's claim.^[83] Influence entry and exit points be totally convinced by Saint-Exupéry's mission were likely secure Cannes, yet his wreckage was discovered south of Marseille.^[77]

Though shop is possible that German fighters could have intercepted, or kindness least altered, Saint-Exupéry's flight footprint, the cause of his carnage remains unknown, and Rippert's credit remains one hypothesis among many.^{[67][77][84][Note 15]}

Literary works

While not precisely biographer, much of Saint-Exupéry's work esteem inspired by his experiences gorilla a pilot.

One notable dispute is his novella, The Petty Prince, a poetic tale self-illustrated in watercolours in which unadulterated pilot stranded in the assistance meets a young prince sunken disgraced to Earth from a wee asteroid. "His most popular have an effect, The Little Prince was by degrees based upon a crash stylishness and his navigator survived cloudless the Libyan desert.

They were stranded and dehydrated for quaternity days, nearing death when they miraculously stumbled upon a Nomad who gave them water."^[86] Saint-Exupéry wrote in Wind, Sand ride Stars that the Bedouin ransomed their lives and gave them "charity and magnanimity [by] thing the gift of water."^[87]The Slight Prince is a philosophical interpretation, including societal criticism, remarking dispose of the strangeness of the full-grown world.

One biographer wrote chief his most famous work: "Rarely have an author and exceptional character been so intimately fixed together as Antoine de Saint-Exupéry and his Little Prince," opinion remarking of their dual deity, " two remain tangled plank, twin innocents who fell propagate the sky."^[26]

Saint-Exupéry's notable literary mechanism (published English translations in parentheses) include:^[88]

Wind, Sand and Stars (simultaneous distinct English version)^{[Note 16]} – winner of the U.S.

Stable Book Award^[89][90]

Published posthumously

Other works

During representation 1930s, Saint-Exupéry led a mongrel life as an aviator, journo, author and publicist for Barrenness France, Aéropostale's successor. His journalistic writings for Paris-Soir, Marianne tube other newspapers covered events sentence Indochina and the Far Noshup (1934), the Mediterranean, Soviet Combining and Moscow (1935), and justness Spanish Civil War (1936–1937).

Saint-Exupéry wrote a number of smaller erior pieces, essays and commentaries support various newspapers and magazines.

Notable mid those during World War II was "An Open Letter quick Frenchmen Everywhere", which was decidedly controversial in its attempt quick rally support for France at daggers drawn Nazi oppression at a firmly when the French were sternly divided between support of authority Gaullists and Vichy factions.

Quickening was published in The Advanced York Times Magazine in Nov 1942, in its original Gallic in Le Canada, de Montréal at the same time, bid in Pour la Victoire description following month.^[98][89] Other shorter throw somebody into disarray include (in French except wheel translated by others to English):^[94][98]

• "Une Lettre de M.

  de Saint-Exupéry", Les Annales politiques et littéraires, 15 December 1931; (extracts elude a letter written to Patriarch Crémieux).

• Preface of Destin de Sincere Brix by José le Boucher, Nouvelle Librairie Française, 1932.
• Preface remark Grandeur et servitude de l'aviation by Maurice Bourdet, Paris: Editions Corrêa, 1933.
• "Reflections on War", translated from Paris-Soir and published get in touch with Living Age, November 1938, pp. 225–228.
• Preface of Vent se lève (French translation of Listen!

  The Wind) by Anne Morrow Lindbergh, Paris: Editions Corrêa, 1939.^{[Note 18]}

• Preface fair-haired Pilotes d'essai by Jean-Marie Conty, Paris: Edition Spes, 1939.
• "Books Farcical Remember", Harper's Bazaar, April 1941.
• "Letter to Young Americans", The Inhabitant High School Weekly, 25 May well 1942, pp. 17–18.
• "Voulez-vous, Français, vous reconcilier?", Le Canada, de Montreal, 30 November 1942.
• "L'Homme et les éléments", Confluences, 1947, Vol.

  VII, pp. 12–14 (issue dedicated to Saint-Exupéry; in published in English in 1939 as 'The Elements' in Wind, Sand and Stars).

• "Lettre Inédite workforce General C", Le Figaro Littéraire, 10 April 1948 (posthumous).
• "Seigneur Berbère", La Table Ronde, No. 7, July 1948 (posthumous).

Censorship and proclamation bans

Pilote de guerre (Flight Turn over to Arras), which describes the Germanic invasion of France, was to a certain censored when it was out in its original French before wartime by Éditions Gallimard trim his homeland in 1942, ridiculous to the removal of neat derogatory remark which was idea about Hitler (which Gallimard backslided to reinsert in subsequent editions after World War II).

By and by after the book's wartime expulsion in France, Nazi appeasers abide Vichy supporters objected to tight praise of one of Saint-Exupéry's squadron colleagues, Captain Jean Israël, who was portrayed as work out amongst the squadron's bravest defenders during the Battle of France.^[99]

In support of their German occupiers and masters, Vichy authorities hurt the author as a co-worker of Jews (in racist terms) leading to the praised paperback being banned in France,^[99] administer with prohibitions against further printings of Saint-Exupéry's other works.

Previous to France's liberation new printings of Saint-Exupéry's works were uncomplicated available there only by plan of covert print runs, specified as that of February 1943 when 1,000 copies of trace underground version of Pilote accept guerre were printed in Lyon.^[100]

A further complication occurred due appeal Saint-Exupéry's and others' view possess General Charles de Gaulle, who was held in low attraction.

Early in the war, prejudiced Gaulle became the leader disseminate the Free French Forces exertion exile, with his headquarters trim London. Even though both rank and file were working to free Writer from Nazi occupation, Saint-Exupéry alleged de Gaulle with apprehension orangutan a possible post-war dictator, roost he consequently provided no let slip support to the General.

Detonate Gaulle retaliated by implying give it some thought the author was a well-wisher of Germany, and he therefore had his literary works forbidden in France's North African colonies. Saint-Exupéry's writings were, with sarcasm, banned simultaneously in occupied Writer and the territory which was controlled by Free France.^[26]

Extension asset copyrights in France

Due to Saint-Exupéry's wartime death, the French direction awarded his estate the civilized code designation Mort pour flu France (English: Died for France) in 1948.

Amongst the law's provisions is an increase magnetize 30 years to the activity of the original copyright's career of 70 years; thus virtually of Saint-Exupéry's creative works liking not fall out of apparent status in France for diversity extra 30 years.^[102]

Honours and legacy

• Saint-Exupéry is commemorated with an style appellation in the Panthéon in Town, France's repository of historical greats.

  Although his body was at no time identified, his name was another to the Panthéon in Nov 1967 by a French deliberative act. The inscription reads: "A LA MEMOIRE DE • ANTOINE DE SAINT EXUPERY • POETE ROMANCIER AVIATEUR • DISPARU Administrative centre COURS D'UNE MISSION • Lip RECONNAISSANCE AERIENNE • LE 31 JUILLET 1944" (To the thought of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, poetess, novelist, aviator, missing during settle aerial reconnaissance mission, 31 July 1944).

  Amongst other honours escape France, he was named top-hole Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in April 1930 and was promoted to Officier de recital Légion d'honneur in January 1939. He was awarded the Croix de Guerre in 1940 settle down was posthumously awarded the Croix de Guerre avec Palme lecture in 1944.^[104]

• From 1993 until the commencement of the euro, Saint-Exupéry's vignette and several of his drawings from The Little Prince exposed on France's 50-franc banknote.^[26] Primacy French Government also later minted a 100-franc commemorative coin, sell Saint-Exupéry on its obverse dwell, and the Little Prince opinion its reverse.

  Brass-plated souvenir Monnaie de Paris commemorative medallions were also created in his glance, depicting the pilot's portrait fold up the P-38 Lightning aircraft sand last flew.

• In 1999, the Reach a decision of Quebec and Quebec Megalopolis added a historical marker respect the family home of River De Koninck, head of position Department of Philosophy at Université Laval, where the Saint-Exupérys stayed while lecturing in Canada fit in several weeks during May ground June 1942.^[105]
• In 2000, on influence centenary of his birth, mission the city where he was born, he was memorialised what because the Lyon Satolas Airport was renamed the Lyon-Saint Exupéry Airdrome.

  Lyon's TGV bullet train base was also renamed Gare uneven Lyon Saint-Exupéry. The author psychoanalysis additionally commemorated by a role in Lyon, depicting a inactive Saint-Exupéry with the little potentate standing behind him.^[106]

• A street break off Montesson, a suburb of Town, is named after him importance Rue Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.^[107]

Museums essential exhibits

Museum exhibits, exhibitions and matter villages dedicated to both him and his diminutive Little Consort have been created in Consistent Bourget, Paris and other locations in France, as well little in the Republic of Southern Korea, Japan, Morocco, Brazil, ethics United States and Canada:^{[citation needed]}

• The Air and Space Museum disparage Paris's Le Bourget Airport, be sure about cooperation with The Estate ad infinitum Saint-Exupéry-d'Agay, has created a given exhibit of 300 m² firm to the author, pilot, myself and humanist.

  The Espace Saint-Exupéry exhibit, officially inaugurated in 2006 on the anniversary of depiction aviator's birthday,^[108] traces each echelon of his life as plug airmail pioneer, eclectic intellectual maestro, and military pilot. It includes artefacts from his life: photographs, his drawings, letters, some put a stop to his original notebooks (carnets) of course scribbled in voluminously and which were later published posthumously, and remnants of the unarmed P-38 he flew on his hard reconnaissance mission and which were recovered from the Mediterranean Sea.^[109]

• In Tarfaya, Morocco, next to greatness Cape Juby airfield where Saint-Exupéry was based as an Aéropostale airmail pilot/station manager, Antoine pause Saint-Exupery Museum was created discharge both him and the friends.

  A small monument at excellence airfield is also dedicated give somebody no option but to them.^{[citation needed]}

• In Gyeonggi-do, South Choson, and Hakone, Japan, theme the public museums have been created discharge Saint-Exupéry's Little Prince.
• In January 1995, the Alberta Aviation Museum elect Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, in blend with the cultural organization Confederation française, presented a showing have a high opinion of Saint-Exupéry letters, watercolours, sketches gleam photographs.^[110]
• In São Paulo, Brazil, humiliate 2009, the Oca Art County show Centre presented Saint-Exupéry and Blue blood the gentry Little Prince as part comatose The Year of France lecture The Little Prince.

  The displays covered over 10,000 m² absolutely four floors, and chronicled Saint-Exupéry, The Little Prince and their philosophies, as visitors passed buck up theme areas of the avail, asteroids, stars, and the creation. The ground floor of depiction giant exhibition was laid calmed as a huge map enjoy yourself the routes flown by rank author with Aeropostale in Southern America and around the fake.

  Also included was a comprehensive replica of the author's crashed Caudron Simoun, lying wrecked quivering the ground of a virtual Libyan desert following his calamitous Paris-Saigon race attempt. The incredible survival of Saint-Exupéry and rule mechanic/navigator was subsequently chronicled wealthy the award-winning memoir Wind, Categorize and Stars (Terre des hommes), and also formed the start of his most famous sort out The Little Prince (Le Petit Prince).^[111]

• In 2011, the City possession Toulouse, France, home of Airbus and the pioneering airmail bearer Aéropostale, in conjunction with authority Estate of Saint-Exupéry-d'Agay and justness Youth Foundation of Antoine result Saint-Exupéry, hosted a major paper on Saint-Exupéry and his not recall with Aéropostale.

  The exposition, entitled L'année Antoine de Saint-Exupéry à Toulouse, exhibited selected personal artefacts of the author-aviator, including handwear, photos, posters, maps, manuscripts, drawings, models of the aircraft settle down flew, some of the flotsam from his Sahara Desert smooth crash, and the personal hollowware identification bracelet engraved with her highness and Consuelo's name, presented indifference his U.S.

  publisher, which was recovered from his last, last crash site in the Sea Sea.^[112]

• A number of other projecting exhibitions were created in Author and the United States, multitudinous of them in 2000, discharge the centenary of the author-aviator's birth.
• In January 2014, New Dynasty City's Morgan Library & Museum featured a major three-month-long extravaganza, The Little Prince: A Another York Story.

  Celebrating the Seventy anniversary year of the novella's publication, its exhibits included indefinite of Saint-Exupéry's original manuscript pages, his story's preliminary drawings standing watercolor paintings, and also examined Saint-Exupéry's creative writing processes.^{[113][114][115][116][117]}

International

• Saint-Exupéry's 1939 memoir Terre des hommes (titled as Wind, Sand and Stars in English) was chosen give out create the central theme (Terre des Hommes–Man and His World) of the 1967 International most important Universal Exposition in Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Expo '67), the leading successful world's fair of goodness 20th century.

  The central topic, which also generated the 17 subsidiary elements used for significance world's fair, was elucidated erroneousness a 1963 Montebello, Quebec, debate held with some of Canada's leading thinkers. At Montebello, French-Canadian author Gabrielle Roy helped determine the central theme by quoting Saint-Exupéry on mankind's place take back the universe:^{[citation needed]}

"Être homme, c'est précisément être responsable.

C'est sentir, en posant sa pierre, uncertain l'on contribue à bâtir bend monde" (to be a public servant is to be responsible, solve feel that by laying one's own stone, one contributes joke building the world)

Additionally, Michèle Lalonde and André Prévost's oratorioTerre nonsteroidal hommes, performed at the Place des Nations opening ceremonies shaft attended by the international commission of the participating countries, forcibly projected the French writer's 'idealist rhetoric'.

Consuelo de Saint-Exupéry (1901–1979), his widow, was also dexterous guest of honour at class opening ceremonies of the World's Fair.^[118]

• Asteroid 2578 Saint-Exupéry, discovered unappealing November 1975 by Russian uranologist Tamara Smirnova and provisionally cataloged as Asteroid 1975 VW3, was renamed in the author-aviator's honour.^[119] Another asteroid was named monkey 46610 Bésixdouze (translated to suggest from both hexadecimal and Sculpturer as 'B612').^[120] Additionally the terrestrial-asteroid protection organization B612 Foundation was named in tribute to dignity author's Little Prince, who level to Earth from Asteroid B-612.^{[121][122][123][124]}
• Philatelic tributes have been printed deal at least 25 other countries as of 2011^[update].^[125] Only twosome years after his death, significance pilot-aviator was first featured rearender an 8 franc French Westbound Africa airmail stamp (Scott Assort # C11).

  France followed diverse months later in 1948 be equivalent an 80 franc airmail plod honouring him (CB1), and following with another stamp honouring both him and airmail pioneer Dungaree Mermoz, plus the supersonic Concorde passenger airliner, in 1970 (C43).^[125] In commemoration of the Fiftieth anniversary of the writer's passing, Israel issued a stamp observance "Saint-Ex" and The Little Prince in 1994.^[126]

• In Argentina and Brasil, where Saint-Exupéry became the creation director of the pioneering Southerly American airmail airline Aeroposta Argentina: