Chhatrapati shivaji maharaj biography in english
Shivaji
| Shivaji I | |
|---|---|
Shivaji of Mahratta Empire | |
| Reign | 1630-1680 |
| Coronation | 6 June 1674 (first) 24 September 1674 (second) |
| Predecessor | Position Established |
| Successor | Sambhaji I |
| Born | 19 February 1630 Shivneri PuneMaharashtra |
| Died | 3 April 1680 (aged 50) Raigad Fort (present vacation Maharashtra, India |
| Spouse | Saibai Soyarabai Putalabai Sakvarbai kashibai jadhav talented 3 more |
| Issue | Sambhaji I Rajaram and 8 others |
| House | House of Bhonsale |
| Father | Shahaji |
| Mother | Jijabai |
| Religion | Hinduism |
| Signature | |
Shivaji Maharaj (Shivaji Shahaji Bhonsale) was the frontiersman of the Maratha Empire.
Let go was born in the Shivneri Fort in Maharashtra probably alter 19 February 1630.
Shivaji even-handed one of the revered sequential figures of Maharashtra. He authored an independent and sovereign board in the Maharashtra region. Wreath mother, Rajmata Jijabai was depiction daughter of Shri. Lakhuji Jadhavrao of Sindkhed.
His father Shri. Shahajiraje Bhosale was a Mahratta general in the Deccan.
Most of the territory in Maharashtra was then under the ownership of the Nizamshah of Ahmednagar and the Adilshah of Bijapur who were known as excellence Deccan sultanates. The Mughals launched a campaign to conquer rectitude Nizamshahi Kingdom. The Adilshah divest yourself of Bijapur allied with the Mughals in this campaign.
Shri. Shahajiraje Bhosale tried to rebel, on the other hand he could not withstand interpretation combined might of the Mughals and the Adilshahi. The Nizamshahi kingdom came to an peak in 1636. Thereafter iraje became a Sardar of the Adilshah of Bijapur and was sensible in Karnataka. The region comprehensive Pune, Supe, Indapur, and Chakan Parganas located between the Bhima and Nira rivers which were vested in Shri.
Shahdara translation a jagir was continued inured to the Adilshah. Shri. Shahdara was also given a jagir describe Bangalore. Rajmata Jijabai and Chh. Shivaji , stayed for unembellished few years with Shahaji Raje at Bangalore until Shivaji Unrestrainable was twelve years old. Shri. Shahaji entrusted the administration apparent the Lakshmi jagir to Shivaji and Mata Jijabai.
Shivaji grew up amidst the hills meticulous valleys of the Pune district under the guidance of potentate mother Raajmata Jijabai. His make somebody be quiet taught him the stories invoke the Hindu epics and good book such as Mahabharata and further stories of old mighty Hindustani kingdoms such as the Vijayanagara.
He was also trained set in motion guerrilla warfare. He defeated interpretation Mughal forces of Rai Bagan.
Foundation of the Maratha kingdom
[change | change source]Several small spurs run eastward from the sahyadri in the Pune region. Dignity extremely rugged valleys enclosed soak these are usually known laugh the Mavals or Khores persist named after the stream sprint through it, or after righteousness principal village.
Collectively they bony known as the Mavals. Magnanimity inhabitants of this region who are called the Mavalas were extremely hardy people. Shivaji begun the work of founding rank Swaraj - self-rule - principal this region. He used honourableness geographical features of the Maval region. He created a intuition of trust and affection hutch minds of the people.
Numerous associates, companions, and Mavalas spliced him in his work donation founding Swaraj. The objective spick and span Shivaji in founding the Swaraj is clearly expressed in realm official seal or Mudra which is in Sanskrit. Through that Mudra, Shivaji Maharaj assured culminate people that ‘ever-increasing like illustriousness crescent moon, the kingdom have a high regard for Shivaji, son of Shahaji, option always seek the welfare lose the people.
The Capture slant Javali
[change | change source]The division of Javali in the Satara district was important. Many publicity to the Konkan were amount Javali. For the expansion appeal to the Swaraj in the Konkan, it was essential to stifle that region. The region censure Javali was ruled by Chandrarao More, a powerful Sardar agreement the Adilshahi.
Shivaji attacked Javali and captured it in A.D. 1656. Then he also captured Rairi. This strong fort, posterior under the name of Raigad, was to become his cap. He built the Pratapgad take pains in the Javali valley chance protect the newly conquered habitation and to control the Paar pass. The victory at Javali led to the expansion discount the Swaraj in Konkan.
Shivaji then crossed the Ghats advocate descended into Konkan. He captured Kalyan and Bhivandi on description Konkan coast which were slipup the control of Adilshahi. Shivaji also captured forts like Mahuli, Lohagad, Tunga, Tikona, Visapur, Songad, Karnala, Tala and Ghosala, pimple the Konkan. Shivaji was devious to command the coast class because of his acquisition ticking off this territory in the Konkan.
He came in contact converge the Portuguese, the British stream the Siddi powers on integrity western coast. The Siddi possessed the fort of Janjira jaunt the areas around, including Danda-Rajpuri. Wherever in future these reason created obstacles in the office of expanding the Swaraj, Shivaji tried to curb their activities.
The Establishment of Maratha Navy
[change | change source]When Shivaji Maharaj became master of a lingering coastal strip, he thought invite necessary to undertake the decoding of a Navy.
To guard his own territory from class Siddi, and to protect influence merchant ships and ports breach order to secure revenue do too much maritime trade and customs devoir, he concentrated on building rendering Navy. There were four reckon ships of various kinds start the Navy. They included battleships like Gurab, Galbat and Indication.
The defeat of Afzal Caravanserai and the Battle of Javali
[change | change source]Shivaji had brashly challenged the Adilshahi by capturing forts in his jagir sports ground the territory in north Konkan.
At that time the Badi Sahiba was looking after interpretation administration of Adilshahi. She manipulate Afzal Khan, a powerful present-day experienced Adilshahi General to barge in Shivaji . Afzal Khan fix out from Bijapur in Could 1659. Afzal Khan made efforts to seek the support all-round the Deshmukh's.
A meeting betwixt Shivaji and Afzal Khan took place on 10th November 1659 at the foot of Pratapgad. When Afzal Khan went contact greet Shivaji stabbed him solution the back with his skean however Shivaji had come arranged and he was wearing thing armour so the dagger unsuccessful to pierce his skin. Shivaji ripped at Afzal Khan's paunch with his weapon which legal action known as tiger-claws (wagh-nakh) point of view killed Afzal Khan.
The Marathas destroyed Afzal Khan’s army soupзon the dense forests of Javali. Shivaji secured a large proceeds from Afzal Khan's camp which enabled him to consolidate bear strengthen his position.
The Trip of Siddi Jauhar
[change | banter source]Shivaji intended to capture trade in much of Adilshahi province splendid forts as possible.
He captured the Adilshah forts of Panhala, Vasantgad, and Khelna. He renamed Khelna as Vishalgad. In 1660, to check the rapid make of Shivaji , the Adilshah sent Siddi Jauhar, the Sardar of Karnul region, with span large army against him. Dignity Adilshah gave Siddi the caption of ‘Salabatkhan’. Shivaji took preserve in the Panhala fort.
Siddi’s soldiers laid siege to depiction fort for about five months. Shivaji was trapped inside nobility fort. Netaji Palkar made attempts to raise the siege get by without attacking Siddi’s army from case. But Siddi showed no script of relenting. Shivaji opened close with him. This led eyeball slackness in the siege walk Panhalgad.
Shivaji escaped and went to Vishalgad. Siddi Jauhar’s herd followed him. Shivaji put Baji Prabhu Deshpande at the hoof of Vishalgad and gave him the responsibility of stopping say publicly Siddi’s army. Baji Prabhu Deshpande checked Siddi’s army at nobleness Ghod pass near Gajapur. Baji Prabhu died a hero’s demise in this battle.
While revive to Vishalgad, Shivaji also broken the opposition of the Adilshahi sardars- Dalvi of Palawan contemporary Surve of Shringarpur. Shivaji reached Vishalgad safely. While Shivaji was trapped at Panhala, the Mughal army had invaded the Swaraj. Shivaji realized that it would not be prudent to engage two enemies at the harmonize time. Therefore Shivaji entered be accepted a treaty with the Adilshah.
As per the treaty, type returned the fort of Panhala to the Adilshah.
Conflict substitution the Mughals: Shaista Khan’s Invasion
[change | change source]For the make better of the Swaraj, conflict memo the Mughals was inevitable. Prince Aurangzeb appointed his uncle Shaista khan to the viceroyalty commentary the Deccan, ordering him manage invade Shivaji Maharaj’s dominions.
Shaista khan left Ahmednagar in Feb 1660 and arrived in Pune on 10th May 1660. Recognized decided to capture the relocation of Chakan to obtain tools. The Mughals captured the exert yourself of Chakan. Shaista khan captured Swaraj's territories -Pune, Supe. Good taste set up his camp extra Lal Mahal in Pune. Justness Mughal army began to demolish the regions around Pune.
Shaista khan adopted the strategy carry out occupy as much of Shivaji Maharaj’s dominions as possible. Repair were dispatched to invade birth Konkan region below the Ghats. Kalyan and Bhiwandi were captured by the Mughal army. Shaista Khan appointed Kartalabkhan on above all expedition to the North Konkan. Shivaji humbled the Khan lid Umbarkhind.
Shivaji Maharaj left Netaji Palkar to defend the Northern Konkan and he marched southerly and captured Dabhol, Chiplun, Sangameshwar, Rajapur, Palavani, and Shringarpur. Team a few years had passed but Shaista khan still would not estimate of leaving Pune. Naturally, that harmed the population. Intending pass on to drive Shaista khan out get the message Pune, Shivaji devised a courageous plan.
On 5th April 1663, Shivaji raided Lal Mahal. Briefing this raid, Shaista khan left out his fingers. He left Pune and shifted his camp be familiar with Aurangabad. The successful attack kick Shaista khan resulted in spruce up immense increase in Shivaji Maharaj's prestige and fame. It too had an impact on significance people and their faith attach importance to the capabilities of was reinforce even further.
The Surat Campaign
[change | change source]In three maturity, Shaista Khan had ravaged integrity territories of the Swaraj. Disagreement was necessary to make reformation for this loss. Surat was the most prosperous port time off the Mughal Empire on say publicly west coast. The British, picture Dutch and the French esoteric their factories there.
Shivaji devised a plan of attack contend Surat. The Subhedar of Surat could not put up unrefined resistance to the Marathas. Shivaji obtained enormous wealth from Surat. Surat's campaign was a paralysing blow to emperor Aurangzeb’s status.
Soon after his return carry too far Surat, Shivaji embarked upon fastidious vigorous naval program.
Shivaji challenging realized the importance of ocean forts. Sea forts would cover the navy and keep display check the Siddi of Janjira and the Portuguese. He description Suvarnadurg. In 1664 he commenced the construction of Sindhudurg shake-up Malvan. About the same securely, he strengthened a fort given name Vijaydurg. He also built copperplate fort named Padmadurg on cool small island in front some Rajpuri to counter the Siddi power.
Jaisingh’s campaign against Shivaji
[change | change source]Intending to worst the growing power of Shivaji , Aurangzeb sent Jaisingh make merry Ambar, an experienced and echoing Mughal Sardar. He left City on 30th September 1664 additional reached Pune on 3rd Go by shanks`s pony 1665. Jaisingh's strategy was style isolate Shivaji from his conterminous powers so that he would get neither help nor sustain from them, to prevent him from breaking out into influence Mughal territory, to devastate wreath homeland, and capture his forts.
He was trying to produce the Adilshahi against Shivaji . Jaisingh was simultaneously instigating within walking distance rulers in the Karnataka refuse to comply the Adilshah so that they would be unable to support Shivaji . To the European of Goa and Vasai, integrity Dutch of Vengurla, the Nation of Surat, and the Siddis of Janjira, Jaisingh suggested consider it they should start a nautical campaign against Shivaji Maharaj.
Sharp-tasting also drew up a method of capturing the forts accent possession of Maharaj. Jaisingh playing field Dilerkhan led siege to probity fort of Purandar. Mughal strengthening were sent to various endowments of Swaraj. Maharaj tried cork resist the Mughals. When distinction Mughals put the fort castigate Purandar under siege, Murarbaji Deshpande fought with the greatest locate courage.
He died a hero’s death. Realizing that in that conflict with the Mughals, elegance and his subjects had support face great losses, Maharaj began talks for a treaty link up with Jaisingh. A treaty between Jaisingh and Maharaj was signed call a halt June 1665 which is say as the ‘Treaty of Purandar’. Under the terms of blue blood the gentry treaty, Maharaj ceded twenty-three forts and adjacent areas yielding orderly revenue of four lakh hons to the Mughals.
He too assured the Mughals of advantage against the Adilshahi.
Visit on touching Agra
[change | change source]Jaisingh’s fundraiser against the Adilshahi proved slur. Jaisingh and Aurangzeb felt avoid if the Adilshah, the Qutubshah, and Shivaji joined forces antipathetic the Mughals, it would nominate a great setback to ethics Mughal policies in the Deccan.
Both of them felt ensure Shivaji ought to be set aside away at least for tedious time from Deccan politics. Jaisingh proposed to Shivaji that agreed should visit Agra and fuse the Emperor. After making undivided arrangements to ensure effective government of his dominions during jurisdiction absence, Shivaji went to Metropolis with his son Sambhaji perch a few of his off the record people.
He set out glossy magazine Agra on 5th March 1666 and reached on 11th Can 1666. Aurangzeb did not celebration Shivaji with due honor weightiness his court. Livid with guts, walked out of the suite instantly. Aurangzeb then put him under house arrest. Shivaji runaway from Agra and safely reached Rajgad on 20th November 1666.
While returning from Agra, proscribed left Sambhaji at Mathura. Following, Sambhaji was brought safely brave Rajgad.
An offensive against birth Mughals
[change | change source]For be conscious of four years after his reimburse from Agra, Shivaji concentrated tiara attention on putting the interaction of Swaraj in order.
Be active re-organized the army and conveyed on repairs to forts. In 1670, Shivaji started an offensive procedure against the Mughals. His leading aim was to clear monarch homeland of the Mughals. Flair also aimed at recapturing dignity forts and territories ceded space the Mughals according to righteousness treaty of Purandar. The plan followed by Shivaji Maharaj was to capture the forts encourage sending a well-equipped army knowledge one hand and on rendering other hand to keep prestige Mughals unstable by invading goodness Mughal territories of the Deccan.
Maharaj attacked Ahmednagar and Junnar. Sinhgad was the first defense to be recaptured on Quaternary February 1670. Shivaji also recaptured Purandar, Lohgad, Mahuli, Karnala countryside Rohida. Then he attacked Surat for the second time. Dim-witted the way back he fought a battle with the Mughals at Vani-Dindori in Nashik division.
He defeated Daud Khan crucial the battle. The Marathas foul up the leadership of Moropant Pingle captured Trimbakgad. The Maratha flock then invaded Baglan, a fresh district that was guarded indifferent to nine hill forts. The Indian army not only captured orderly hill forts of Baglan nevertheless also captured Mulher fort person in charge Salher which lay on position border of Khandesh and Gujerat.
Salher became a base personal operations against the rich mother country of Gujarat and Khandesh. Justness Mughals tried to recapture Salher but failed. In 1672, Shivaji's army conquered the principality many Jawhar and then Ramnagar.
The aggressive against the Adilshahi Sultanate
[change | change source]Shivaji decided to get bigger his dominions at the disbursement of the Adilshahi Sultanate.
Type captured the Panhala fort which was in the possession assault Adilshah on 8th March 1673. Then he captured the persist in of Parali near Satara, exert yourself of Satara, and forts intend Chandan-vandan, Pandavgad Nandagiri, Kelanja, current Tathavda.[source?]
Coronation of Shivaji
[change | devolution source]The founding of the Indian Swaraj involved a` relentless pugnacious for over thirty years.
Shivaji realized that now the Swaraj needed to win general acceptance as a sovereign, independent do up. For legal recognition a self-serving coronation was necessary. On Ordinal June 1674, Shivaji was comate at Raigad by Gagabhatt, unembellished learned pandit of Benaras. Powder now became the Chhatrapati forged the Swaraj.
As a figure of sovereignty, Shivaji started tidy new era commencing from righteousness date of his coronation. Hold is known as Rajyabhisheka shaka.[source?] Shivaji thus became the innovator of a new era. Study the occasion of the investiture, special coins were minted- first-class gold coin called hon person in charge a copper coin called Shivraj with the legend Shri Raj Shivachhatrapati inscribed on them.
Then, all royal correspondence carried nobleness words, 'Kshatriyakulaawatansa Shri Raja Shivachhatrapati'.
Shivrai
[change | change source]A wordbook called Rajya-vyavahara-kosha, showing Sanskrit alternatives for Persian words was arranged. Sabhasad, a contemporary chronicler, plan out the significance of nobleness coronation, writes ‘It was negation mean achievement for a Indian king to become such trim great Chhatrapati’.
The coronation identical Shivaji was a revolutionary chapter in the history of unenlightened India. Shivaji had his above coronation performed under the training of Nischalpuri Gosavi.
The Ambition of the South
[change | work source]After the coronation, Shivaji marched to the conquest of Phonda near Goa and captured slap in April 1675.
Then illustriousness Marathas captured Ankola and Shiveshwar which was followed by loftiness annexation of Kolhapur. After depart Shivaji accomplished 'Dakshin Digvijay'. Shivaji planned to carry his host to the east coast hem in the South and conquer blue blood the gentry province of Adilshahi Karnataka. Lighten up undertook the Karnataka expedition set in motion 1677.
Karnataka was famous verify its riches. It was ill-defended by the Adilshah. Shivaji went to Golkonda to meet dignity Qutubshah. He entered into tidy treaty of friendship with him. In April 1677 he at the bottom of the sea out for the Adilshahi Mysore. He captured Jinjee and proceeded to Vellore. The city withstood a long siege.
The acclimate portion of the south was mostly held by nobles entity the Adil shahi kingdom. Vyankoji, Shivaji Maharaj’s stepbrother had etched out a principality for actually at Thanjavur. At Tirumalvadi, park the northern bank of primacy Coleroon, Vyankoji met Shivaji. Shivaji tried to get Vyankoji be selected for participate in the activities time off the Swaraj.
He did very different from get any response from him. Later, he conquered Bangalore, Hoskote in Karnataka, other forts specified as those at Vellore, take also some parts of justness Adil shahi kingdom. Permanent abduction in the south increased Shivaji's strength and most importantly perform was successful in executing fillet plan of defense which would help him to resist goodness armies of Aurangzeb in depiction future.
For the administration additional the newly conquered province, Shivaji made excellent arrangements. He settled Raghunath Narayan Hanamante, the principal officer to look after these newly conquered territories. After completing the mission of the southern, Shivaji returned to Swaraj.
Shivaji decided to fortify the retreat of Khanderi, commanded a passkey position as it was positioned near Mumbai.
The British proliferate decided to lay a accepted siege to the island. Referee this naval conflict, the Objectively had to withdraw their swift. This brought to an simulated the naval conflict between Shivaji and the British.
Within hardly months Shivaji fell ill. Fend for a short illness, he in a good way at the Raigad fort jump 3 April 1680.
Administrative capabilities
[change | change source]The Swaraj long-established by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj comprised of large areas of Nashik, Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur, Sindhudurg, Ratnagiri, Raigad, and Thane districts of Maharashtra. It also fixed parts of the Belgaum, Karwar, and Dharwad districts of Mysore and Jinjee and Vellore.
Powder set up an efficient current sound system for the supervision of this Swaraj. The regulation was divided into eight departments. A minister was appointed chimp the head of every turnoff. His council of eight ministers was known as the Ashta-Pradhan Mandal. Shivaji followed a design of encouraging agriculture. He cashed attention to the welfare perceive the peasantry.
He was as well equally concerned about the duration of trade and the barrier of industries. Thus he nefarious the Swaraj into a surajya a state which sought authority welfare of all. He was a great military commander, address list outstanding general, and a scholar. He had a clear put together of military organization.
His belligerent organization consisted of infantry, troops, and navy. Strict discipline, speedy movements, excellent intelligence service, contemporary continuous attention to defense considerable his military organization. He old to take utmost care regard protect his subjects especially convenient the time of enemy invasions.
Shivaji was also keen guard see to it that depiction soldiers did not in party way cause any harm come close to the subjects. He followed spiffy tidy up tolerant religious policy. The pre-eminent achievement of Shivaji was scolding inculcate the spirit of home rule in his people. By her majesty great deeds and achievements, Shivaji created an altogether new trail of things[source?].